A model was created which expanded existing political reality models by adding a political. Observing the restriction of another person vicarious reactance and the role of selfconstrual and culture. With a 2 x 2 experiment, we manipulated 1 whether or not the health message restricts choice, and 2 whether or not a participant was primed with interdependent selfconstrual before seeing the message. Brehms reactance theory also states that the larger the threat of freedom, the larger the resistance to it. Psychological reactance a theory of freedom and control pdf. The inductive reactance is found directly from the expression x l 2. Note particularly we speak of alternating current only ac, which expression includes audio af and radio frequencies rf. Jack brehm 1966 stressed in his initial formulation of psychological reactance theory, any persuasive communication, because it poses a potential threat to. Part 2, reactance this is part 2 of a 3part series on resistance, reactance and impedance. Jun 26, 2019 a theory of psychological reactance brehm pdf psychological reactance. We refer to this opposition as reactance rather than resistance because it is nondissipative in nature. Reactance theory was developed by a guy by the name of jack brehm in the early 60s. Congruent with reactance theory, a large literature shows that social influence is more successful when it does not threaten important freedoms s. The theory is relevant to the idea that humans are motivated to possess and preserve as many options and choices as possible.
Reactance is the property of resisting or impeding the flow of ac current or ac voltage in inductors and capacitors. The theory deals with how people react to a loss of their freedom. May 18, 2016 reactance theory brehm and brehm, 1981 in particular emphasizes the importance of individual freedom and behavioral choices and defines conditions under which people react against attempts to control their behavior and eliminate their freedom of choice. A theory of psychological reactance, 1966, jack williams. It contained one variable, the value of the component r. Resistance is unaffected by the rate of change of voltage or current and remains the same whether dc, or ac of any frequency is applied. A number of measures of trait reactance have subsequently been established e. Write the formula for determining total reactance x. An examination using reactance theory to investigate the reemergence of unsafe sexual practices among gay and bisexual males jon w. Psychological reactance theory was first proposed by the social psychologist jack brehm in 1966. Greater reactance leads to smaller currents for the same voltage applied. In the analysis, all components in the motor equivalent circuit are referred to the stator. Pdf since brehm first proposed reactance theory in 1966, many studies have explored the remarkable psychological phenomenon of reactance, which miron.
Brehm, posits that when something or eliminates peoples freedom of behavior, they experience psychological reactance, sense of lost control or surrender wortman and. Brehm, 1966 posits that when something threatens or eliminates peoples freedom of behavior. Aug 28, 2019 a theory of psychological reactance brehm pdf psychological reactance. Individuals must perceive a concrete sense of freedom and have knowledge of it in order for reactance to occur. This leads to inductive reactance and capacitive reactance. Responses to the loss of freedom a theory of psychological reactance, jack williams brehm, 1972, choice psychology, 26 pages.
Reactance theory 40 years later article pdf available in zeitschrift fur sozialpsychologie 371. Reactanceascognitionandoraffect to address the issue of how reactance should be conceptualized, dillard and shen 2005 advanced the claim that reactance might be considered cognition andor affect. Threat to freedom and the detrimental effect of avoidance. The j means that the reactance has a 90 degree phase shift with respect to resistance. State the term given to the total opposition z in an ac circuit. On the basis of the approachavoid dynamics assumed by reactance theory s. Psychological reactance theory dr simon moss sicotests. This study uses psychological reactance theory as a framework for designing effective emergency preparedness messages.
Reactance is an unpleasant motivational arousal reaction to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms. In electric and electronic systems, reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to the flow of current due to that elements inductance or capacitance. L, but 2l is more commonly used, one reason being that scientific calculators mostly have a. Further confirmation among collegiate alcohol consumers article pdf available in journal of studies on alcohol 551. Write the formula for impedance, and calculate the impedance in a series circuit when the values. According to the theory when an individual feels forced into a certain behavior, they will react against the coercion. A variety of authority figures and consequences can restrict this freedom. Impedance is mathematically symbolized by the letter z and is measured in the unit of ohms.
Inductive reactance is a property exhibited by an inductor, and inductive reactance exists based on the fact that an electric current produces a magnetic field around it. Psychological reactance is defined as behavior by an individual in response to reduction or threatened reduction of freedom. Most of us are familiar with resistance at least we think we are. The greater the number of freedoms lost, the greater should be the reactancw of reactance and consequent resistance to any particular selection. The effect of psychological reactance on acceptance of campaign. Reactance is present in addition to resistance when conductors carry alternating current. The theory describing a motivational state consisting of distress, anxiety and desire to restore freedoms taken away when an individual responds to a perceived threat or to loss of a freedom. Reactance definition broadly, reactance refers to the idea that people become upset when their freedom is threatened or eliminated, so much so that they attempt to reassert their lost freedom. Reactance, in electricity, measure of the opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit presents to electric current insofar as the current is varying or alternating. Steady electric currents flowing along conductors in one direction undergo opposition called electrical resistance, but no reactance. Using the method of perspective taking as an intervention, the current study of 196 austrians and 198 filipinos examined whether reactance could be reduced and whether individualists. Reactance also refers to the idea that people will want something more if they are told they cannot have it. Previous research has demonstrated a considerable amount of negative consequences resulting from psychological reactance. Therefore, reactant individuals have a strong urge to do something.
This study examined the possibility of mitigating psychological reactance to health messages through interdependent selfconstrual priming. The opposition to ac current reactance of a capacitor decreases as frequency increases. This book discusses a number of special topic areas to which the reactance theory seems especially relevant. The purpose of this study was to explore opportunities to reduce the amount of reactance. However, despite the allure of cognitive consistency and the. As a result, humans may act in a manner that will oppose a resistance presented to their freedom. Reactance occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away their choices or limiting the range of alternatives. When the alternating current goes through an impedance, a voltage drop is produced that is somewhere between 0 and 90 out of phase with the current. The utility of choiceenhancing language in emergency. Inductive reactance is associated with the magnetic field that surrounds a wire or a coil carrying a current. The theory to be explained is called reactance theory, and it was first formulated by jack brehm in 1966. Approach goal frames suggest a change in course of action that can be a potential gain to the status quo, i.
Also, if several freedoms are threatened there will be a large reaction. Braddy the recent rise in unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men and the possible reasons for that behavior despite general health concerns reflects the purpose and. Wicklund, 1974, yet, according to the theory, threats to freedom do not inevitably reduce compliance. Linn, 2004, it was predicted that interpersonal similarity can reduce reactance by increasing compliance and by reducing resistance. Perfect resistors possess resistance, but not reactance. Hvdc, facts, and artificial intelligence 1 wileyieee press. Capacitive reactance worksheet ac electric circuits. Advances in consumer research volume 16, 1989 pages 7275. Reactance, denoted x, is a form of opposition that electronic components exhibit to the passage of ac alternating current because of capacitance or inductance. Political reactance is interpreted to include feelings of political alienation and distrust. Threats to freedom can originate from a more powerful social agent. In the context of an ac circuit although this concept applies any time current is changing, this magnetic field is constantly changing as a result of current that oscillates.
This reaction is often exemplified by an increased desire for the behavior that is now. Review of r, x, and z resistance, reactance and impedance. If the circuit has no ac, or inductors and capacitors then z t r t. When people feel that their freedom to choose an action is threatened, they get an unpleasant feeling called reactance. Research in social influence demonstrates that individuals often move in the direction demanded by a leader obedience or modeled by a majority conformity, and cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals will depreciate the items and activities that are denied them sour grapes. But few of us really understand reactance and its relationship to resistance. Reactance definition of reactance by the free dictionary. Reactance theory in general, people are convinced that they possess certain freedoms to engage in socalled free behaviors. Submit your answers but dont be disappointed if you get answers wrong. Try our quiz, based on the information you can find in module 6.
When you put your quarters in a softdrink machine, you. A theory of psychological reactance brehm pdf psychological reactance. This latter interpretation of autonomy is akin to reactance, as described in reactance theory brehm 1966 brehm and brehm 1981, and has. Psychological reactance and persuasive healthcommunication. It, like cognitive dissonance has stood relatively unmoved through the years and is. Reactance theory, following the tradition of dissonance theory, is a theory of motivation. New york, academic press, 1966 dlc 66027018 ocolc223342. In the theory of reactance, freedom refers to not only behavior but also emotion and attitude. Freedom in terms of reactance theory is defined as a persons belief to be able to. Reactance theory assumes there are free behaviors individuals perceive and can take part in at any given moment.
Mitigating the reactance to choicerestricting health. The research investigated political and psychological reactance among adolescents. Since brehm first proposed reactance theory in 1966, many studies have explored the remarkable psychological phenomenon of reactance, which miron and. A theory of freedom and control provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of reactance theory. Reactance theory also recognises that individuals might differ in the extent to which they are prone to experience reactance, and the extent to which they view a persons intent to persuade as threatening brehm and brehm 1981. It pertains to some areas of our decisionmaking and those effects are thought to occur before the decision making itself. Psychological reactance a theory of freedom and control pdf pdf psychological reactance theory prt. The nature of psychological reactance revisited university of. Article pdf available december 2017 with 3,514 reads how we measure reads.
Understanding psychological reactance semantic scholar. Reactance, autonomy and paths to persuasion selfdetermination. At the same time, this particular facet of the theory has. Freedom is defined by brehm as the number of behavior alternatives an individual possesses at a certain moment. In fact, a given synchronous machine may be used, at least theoretically, as an alternator, when driven mechanically or as a motor, when driven electrically, just as in the case of d. When you put your quarters in a softdrink machine, you would not like the machine to start flashing a large coca cola sign at you, complete with a flashing arrow that keeps moving to the button for coke classical, of course. When threats to freedom come from the ingroup versus the outgroup. Next calculate the peak to peak current at these five frequencies, when the applied voltage is 4 volts peak to peak. Reactance also occurs for short intervals when direct current is changing as it approaches or departs from steady flow, for example, when switches are closed or opened. Reactance is similar to electric resistance, but it differs in several respects reactance is used to compute amplitude and phase changes of sinusoidal alternating. For a behavior to be free, the individual must have the relevant physical and psychological abilities to partake in it, and must know they can engage in it at the moment, or in the near future. Reactance can occur when someone is heavily pressured to accept a certain view or attitude. Looking at goal framing and how it relates to a persons sense of freedom and threat to freedom, the experience of the different goal frames in terms of reactance should vary according to the respective goal frame. Psychological reactance is the motivational state that occurs when individuals perceive their freedom to be threatened.
The theory suggests conditions in which people will. Theory and examples reactance occurs as a result of a persons drive to protect his or her own perceived personal freedom. In other words, reactance causes no power to leave the circuit. Examining perceptions of threats to freedom and informational value louisa pavey.